UManga, uManhwa kunye noManhua: yintoni umahluko?

I-Manga, i-manhwa, kunye ne-manhwa ziyafana kubugcisa kunye nokuhlelwa, kodwa kukho umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwabo, kuquka isizwe sabo semvelaphi kunye nezimbo zobugcisa zabadali. Abadali be-manga, i-manhwa, kunye ne-manhua banezihloko ezithile, ezifana ne-"mangaka" yabadali be-manga, "manhwaga" yabadali be-manhwa, kunye ne-"manhuajia" yabadali be-manhua. Iicomics zaseMpuma Asia, kuquka imanga, imanhwa, kunye nemanhwa, zinomxholo othile kwaye zijolise kwiidemographics ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kwiminyaka kunye nesini. Bakwanazo neempembelelo zenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nezalathiso zokufunda.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuthandwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwe-manga kuye kwabangela umdla okhulayo kwi-manhwa kunye ne-manhua. I-Manga, i-manhwa, kunye ne-manhua zivakala ngokufanayo kwaye, ngokubanzi, ziyafana kubugcisa kunye nokuhlelwa, okunokukhokelela ekwahluleleni ngengozi ezi midlalo njengemvelaphi yaseJapan. Umbuzo wokuba yintoni i-manhwa kunye ne-manhua yinto eqhelekileyo, ngakumbi xa kuqwalaselwa ukuba enye yezi ngokwembali yahlala ngaphandle kweNtshona.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho iiyantlukwano ezininzi ezifihlakeleyo kodwa ezibalulekileyo phakathi kwezi zintathu. Oku kunokuqatshelwa kwiindlela zobugcisa zabadali ababandakanyekayo, kungakhankanywa ngamagama elizwe elikhethekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba i-anime eninzi iveliswa namhlanje, nangona kunjalo, kulula ukuba izinto zomthombo wamahlaya zingabonakali okanye zidideke ngemisebenzi yamanye amahlaya aseAsia. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukubahlula, ngakumbi kuthotho oluqhelekileyo olungaphantsi.

Ukuduma kwehlabathi jikelele kwemanga kunye ne-anime kuqhume ukusukela phakathi koo-2010. Oku kungqamene nokukhula kodumo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-K-pop kunye ne-K-dramas, singasathethi ke iiwebhutoni zase-South Korea. Isiphumo kukuba imidiya yaseMpuma ye-Asia iyonke ifumene abaphulaphuli abaninzi, ngakumbi xa kuziwa kwii-comics. Ewe, into yokuba i-manhwa ngoku yabelana ngendawo yeshelufu kwiivenkile ezithengisa nge-manga kunye ne-manhua ibangele ukudideka malunga nokuba leliphi ilizwe kwaye leliphi ilizwe elivela kwimithombo yeendaba.

Imbali yeManga vs. Manhwa vs. Manhua

IManga edumileyo, iManhua kunye neManhwa

Amagama athi “manga” kunye “manhwa” athatyathwe kwigama lesiTshayina elithi “manhua”, elithetha “imizobo ephuculweyo”. Ekuqaleni, ezi zazisetyenziswa eJapan, Korea nase China ngokulandelelanayo njengemigaqo eqhelekileyo yazo zonke iicomics. Ngoku, nangona kunjalo, abafundi bamazwe aphesheya basebenzisa la magama ukubhekisa kwiicomics ezipapashwe kwilizwe elithile: imanga ziicomics zaseJapan, imanhwa ziicomics zaseKorea, kwaye manhua ziicomics zaseTshayina. Abadali bala ma-comics ase-East Asia nabo banezihloko ezithile: umntu odala i-manga "mangaka", umntu odala i-manhwa "manhwaga", kwaye umntu odala i-manhua "i-manhuajia". Ukongeza kwi-etymology, ilizwe ngalinye liye lachaphazela ngokwembali ii-comics zomnye.

EJapan, phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-1945, ukuthandwa kwemanga kwaqhuma kunye noThixo ongu-Manga, u-Osamu Tezuka, umdali we-Astro Boy. Nangona kunjalo, abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba imvelaphi ye-manga yaqala ngaphambili, malunga ne-1952th-50th inkulungwane ngokupapashwa kweChōjū-giga (Imiqulu yezilwanyana ezidlalayo), iqoqo lemizobo yezilwanyana ngamagcisa ahlukeneyo. Ngexesha le-American Occupation (60-80), amajoni aseMelika eza neencwadi zama-comic zaseYurophu naseMelika, eziphembelele isitayile sobugcisa kunye nobuchule babadali be-manga. Bekukho imfuno enkulu yeemanga ngenxa yokwanda kwabantu abafundayo ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-XNUMX ukuya koo-XNUMX. Kungekudala emva koko, i-manga yaba yinto yehlabathi jikelele, kunye nabafundi baphesheya baqala ekupheleni kwe-XNUMXs.

Manhwa: Ibali Lalo IManhwa nayo inembali yayo yophuhliso, nangona isanxulunyaniswa naleyo yemanga yaseJapan. Ngexesha lokuSebenza kweJapan yaseKorea (1910-1945), amajoni aseJapan azisa inkcubeko kunye nolwimi lwabo kuluntu lwaseKorea, kubandakanywa nokungeniswa kwemanga. Ukususela ngeminyaka yee-30 ukuya kweyee-50, imanhwa yayisetyenziswa njengokusasaza iinzame zemfazwe nokunyanzelisa ingcamango yezobupolitika. I-manhwa yaduma ngeminyaka yoo-50, kodwa ke yehla phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-60 ngenxa yemithetho engqongqo yobalo. Nangona kunjalo, i-manhwa yaba yinto eyaziwayo kwakhona xa i-South Korea yaqalisa iiwebhusayithi ezipapasha i-digital manhwa eyaziwa ngokuba yi-webtoon, njenge-Daum Webtoon kwi-2003 kunye ne-Naver Webtoon ngo-2004. Emva koko, kwi-2014, i-Naver Webtoon yasungulwa kwihlabathi jikelele njenge-LINE Webtoon.

I-Manhua: Yahlukileyo kwiMvelaphi kunye noMongo Xa kuziwa kwi-manhua vs. manhwa, umahluko ophambili kukuba yangaphambili ivela China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. I-Manhua kuthiwa iqale ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-1949, kunye nokuqaliswa kwenkqubo yokushicilela i-lithographic. Ezinye i-manhua zazinempembelelo yezopolitiko, kunye namabali malunga neMfazwe yesiBini yeSino-yaseJapan kunye nomsebenzi waseJapan waseHong Kong. Noko ke, emva kweMvukelo yamaTshayina yowe-XNUMX, kwabakho imithetho engqongqo yokuvalelwa, nto leyo eyaphumela ekubeni imanhua ibe nobunzima bokupapashwa ngokusemthethweni kwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yoko, uninzi lwezona zihloko zibalaseleyo kwimidiya azizange zikhutshwe kwenye indawo. Nangona kunjalo, i-manhuajia sele iqalile ukupapasha umsebenzi wabo kumajelo eendaba ezentlalo kunye namaqonga ewebhu njengeQQ Comic kunye neVcomic.

IManga, iManhwa kunye neManhua: Abafundi abafanelekileyo Ii-comics zase-East Asia zinomxholo othile ojolise ukubhenela abantu abahlukeneyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokusekelwe kwiminyaka yobudala kunye nesini. EJapan, i-shonen manga yabantwana izele ngamabali entshukumo afana neQhawe lam Academia kunye neNaruto. Okwesibini kuluhlu lwe "dabi shonen", elaziwa ngeetrope ezifana neetumente kunye nezinye izinto eziphindaphindiweyo. I-Shojo manga ikakhulu ngamabali amnandi okanye omlingo anamantombazana amancinci njengabalinganiswa abaphambili, abanje ngePrecure, iSailor Moon okanye iCardcaptor Sakura, kunye neenoveli ezintsonkothileyo, ezinjengeFruits Basket.

Kukwakho neemanga, ezaziwa njenge-seinen kunye ne-josei, ezijolise kubaphulaphuli abaqolileyo ngakumbi, kwaye zibonisa umxholo oqolileyo ngakumbi. Oku kunokuba mnyama ngakumbi kumabali e-adventure okanye amabali okwenene kunye namabali abantu. Ngokufanayo, i-manhwa kunye ne-manhua nazo zinee-comics ezijoliswe kwi-demographics ethile. EJapan, izahluko zemanga zipapashwa kwiimagazini zeveki okanye ezimbini ezinje ngeShonen Jump. Ukuba imanga iyathandwa, ipapashwa kwimiqulu eqokelelweyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi tankōbon. Ngokuphathelele i-manhwa yedijithali kunye ne-manhua, izahluko zilayishwa ngeveki kwi-webtoon platforms, kunye nale fomati yokupapasha ifana kodwa yahlukile kwindalo ye-manga eqhelekileyo.

Umxholo weNkcubeko kunye neSikhokelo sokufunda kwiManga, iManhwa kunye neManhua Umxholo we-comic yase-East Asia ubonisa inkcubeko kunye nemilinganiselo yayo yokuqala. Kwi-manga, kukho intlaninge yamabali angeyonyani nangaphaya kwendalo malunga ne-shinigami (“oothixo bokufa”) anje ngoTite Kubo's shonen Bleach series kunye neNqaku lokuFa elidume kakhulu. I-Manhwa ihlala inezicwangciso ezinxulumene nenkcubeko yobuhle yaseKorea, efana neNyaniso yoBubuhle, ngala mabali abhekiselele ngabasetyhini abe yinyani kwaye aphantsi komhlaba. Kwimeko yothotho lweSolo Leveling, yintelekelelo efana ncam nohlobo lwe-isekai lwaseJapan. Ngokufanayo, i-manhua ineempawu ezininzi ze-wuxia (i-kartial arts chivalry) -i-comics ezinezihloko, kunye nohlobo lokulima (xianxia) ngendlela yalo efana namaqhawe anamandla e-isekai kunye ne-manga ye-fantasy.

IManga kunye ne-manhua zifundwa ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo naphezulu ukuya ezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, i-manhwa ifana ne-American kunye ne-European comics kuba ifundwa ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene nangaphezulu ukuya ezantsi. Xa kufikwa kwiicomics zedijithali, iziyilo zifundwa ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi, zivumela ukuskrola okungapheliyo. Iimanga eziprintiweyo zinemida ekuboniseni intshukumo kubugcisa; kunjalo, ubeko nkqo kunye nokuskrola olungenasiphelo manhwa yedijithali kunye manhua zisetyenziswa ngobuchule ukumela intshukumo ezantsi izinto okanye ukuhamba kwexesha.

UbuGcisa kunye nesicatshulwa kwiManga, iManhwa kunye neManhua

Kushicilelo kunye nedijithali, i-manga idla ngokupapashwa ngombala omnyama nomhlophe, ngaphandle kokuba kukho ushicilelo olukhethekileyo olushicilelwe ngombala okanye ngamaphepha anemibala. I-manhwa yedijithali ipapashwa ngombala, kodwa i-manhwa eprintiweyo ngokwesiko ipapashwa ngombala omnyama nomhlophe, ngokufana ne-manga. Njengemanhwa, i-digital manhua nayo ipapashwa ngombala. Ukhuthazwe bubugcisa bukaWalt ​​Disney, u-Osamu Tezuka wazoba abalinganiswa bakhe ngamehlo amakhulu kunye nemilomo emincinci.

i-cole kunye neentetho ezibaxiweyo ukugxininisa iimvakalelo ezithile. Isitayile sobugcisa sikaTezuka saphembelela amanye amagcisa aseJapan nakwezinye iindawo. Nangona kunjalo, abalinganiswa be-manhwa kunye ne-manhua batsalwa ukuba bagxile kubungakanani babantu kunye nenkangeleko eyinyani.