Umlando kaWalt Disney kusukela ngo-1923 kuya ku-1937
Siqala izindatshana zomlando we-Walt Disney Company ngengxenye yokuqala, ephathelene neminyaka kusukela ku-1923 kuya ku-1937.
Kusuka ku-1921 kuya ku-1927
Emuva ngo-1921, enkathini ephawulwe ngezifiso ezishisekayo kanye nokuhlolwa kobuciko, abashayi bezithombe ababili baseMelika, u-Walt Disney kanye no-Ub Iwerks, bakha i-Laugh-O-Gram Studio eKansas City, eMissouri. Lesi situdiyo, naphezu kokuphumelela kwendawo yezikhindi zaso, ngokushesha sazithola sibhekene nokuqothuka, saphusha iDisney ukuthi ifune amathuba amasha eHollywood, lapho kanye nomfowabo uRoy O. Disney, basungula iDisney Brothers Studio ngo-1923.
Ngokushintshashintsha okumelelwe ukuthengwa kwe-"Alice's Wonderland", ifilimu emfushane exube upopayi nokwenza bukhoma, ngumsabalalisi waseNew York uMargaret J. Winkler, abazalwane bakwaDisney baqala ukukhiqiza Alice Amahlaya. Lolu chungechunge lwamafilimu amafushane beluyisiqalo nje sochungechunge lwezinhlelo ezintsha nempumelelo ezazizophawula indlela yenkampani esafufusa.
Ukuthuthela esitudiyo esikhudlwana ku-Hyperion Street ngo-1926 kwaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi entsha, negama elishintshela ku-Walt Disney Studio. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho umlingiswa we-herpes wazalwa khona U-Oswald Unogwaja Wenhlanhla (U-Oswald the Lucky Rabbit), uchungechunge lokuqala lopopayi oludalwe ngokuphelele i-Disney, lusatshalaliswa yi-Universal Pictures. Kodwa-ke, kulandela izingxabano zenkontileka noCharles Mintz kanye nokulahlekelwa kwamalungelo ka-Oswald, u-Disney no-Iwerks baphoqeleka ukuthi bazisungulele kabusha, bedala umlingiswa owayezoba isithonjana somhlaba wonke: uMickey Mouse.
Kusuka ku-1928 kuya ku-1937
"Mickey Mouse" yaqala ngo-1928 ngokuthi "USteamboat uWillie“, okufushane kokuqala okupopayi okunomsindo ovumelanisiwe, okumaka ukuqala kwenkathi yegolide ye-Walt Disney Studios. Impumelelo esheshayo ka-Mickey Mouse iholele ekudalweni kohlu olukhulu lwamafilimu amafushane, kanye nokuqala kwe-Silly Symphonies, uchungechunge olwasebenzisa amasu amasha okulandisa kanye nobuchwepheshe, njengokusetshenziswa kwe-Technicolor.
Iminyaka eyishumi eyalandela ibone ukunwetshwa kweDisney ezindaweni ezintsha, okuhlanganisa ukusatshalaliswa kwamazwe ngamazwe, ukukhiqizwa kokuthengiswayo, nokwethulwa kwezinhlamvu ezintsha, ezifana UDonald Duck uDonald Duck. Isu lokuhlukahluka kanye nokunaka ikhwalithi kuholele i-Disney ukuthi isayine izinkontileka ezikhethekile zokusetshenziswa kombala kanye nokuthuthukisa ifilimu yokuqala yopopayi, “Biancaneve ei sette nani“, ithula uhlobo lwefilimu epopayi njengoba silwazi namuhla.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Disney yashintsha imakethe yokuthengisa, ngokukhiqiza amathoyizi, amawashi nezinye izinto ezinetimu, yakha imodeli yebhizinisi ehlanganisa ukuzijabulisa, ukuqamba okusha kanye namasu okuhweba. Ukuzalwa kukamagazini Igundane le-Mickey e-Italy kwaphawula inguquko ekuqashelweni komhlaba wonke komkhiqizo wakwaDisney, okufakazela ukukhanga okubanzi kwabalingiswa bayo ngale kwemingcele yaseMelika.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-Laugh-O-Gram Studio kuya ekusungulweni kombuso wopopayi oqhubeka nokuthakasela izizukulwane, indaba yeminyaka yokuqala ka-Walt Disney iwuhambo olujabulisayo lokusungula, ukubekezela, kanye nombono webhizinisi. Uhambo oluguqule izinselele lube amathuba, oluphawula ukuqala kwesahluko esidumile emlandweni wesinema nokugqwayiza.
Amahlaya ka-Alice: Amafilimu amafushane ka-Walt Disney
Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, u-Walt Disney wethula uchungechunge lwezikhindi ezishintshashintshayo ezazizophawula umlando wopopayi: i-Alice Comedies. Kwenziwe phakathi kuka-1924 no-1927, le misebenzi yokuphayona yahlanganisa isenzo esibukhoma nopopayi okokuqala ngqa, yethula umlingiswa oyinhloko osemusha, u-Alice, ezweni elimangalisayo elimangalisayo.
Umsuka: I-Alice's Wonderland
I-genesis ye-Alice Comedies ingalandelelwa emuva ku-Laugh-O-Gram Studio, eyasungulwa i-Disney e-Kansas City ngo-1922. Ngeqembu elihlanganisa imidondoshiya yezopopayi yesikhathi esizayo efana no-Ub Iwerks noFriz Freleng, i-Disney ikhiqize i-"Wonderland of Alice" , ifilimu elifushane lokuhlola elixube okungokoqobo nenganekwane ngendlela emisha. Naphezu kwezinselelo zezezimali eziholele ekuvalweni kwesitudiyo, lokho kufushane kwakuzobeka isisekelo sempumelelo yekusasa likaDisney.
Ukusuka eKansas City kuya eHollywood: Ukuzalwa kuka-Alice Comedies
Ngemva kokuthuthela eLos Angeles ngo-1923, uDisney washesha ukuvuselela iphrojekthi yakhe entsha. Ngokusekelwa umsabalalisi u-Margaret J. Winkler, u-Disney nomfowabo u-Roy basungula i-Disney Bros. Studio, bazale i-Alice Comedies. Lolu chungechunge, oluhlanganisa amafilimu amafushane angama-56, lubone u-Alice, owaqale wadlalwa nguVirginia Davis, engena eLand of Cartoons, ehlanganyela nabalingiswa abapopayi okuhlanganisa noJulius the cat, umanduleli weMickey Mouse edume kakhulu.
Ukuqamba kanye Nokuhlola
I-Alice Comedies ibiphawuleka ngokusebenzisa kwawo imidiya exubile, ilindele imiqondo eyayizoba ingqikithi yokupopayi kwe-Disney. Ngale misebenzi, u-Disney uhlole futhi waphelelisa amasu azochaza isitayela sakhe, okuhlanganisa nokuvumelanisa umsindo okwakuzoba yinguquko ku-"Steamboat Willie." Lolu chungechunge lusebenze njengephedi lokwethula amathalente anjengo Iwerks, owabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwabalingiswa kanye nokugqwayiza.
Ifa elihlala njalo
I-Alice Comedies imake okokuqala okubalulekile kwe-Disney, isungula isisekelo lapho umbuso wopopayi we-Walt Disney Company uzokwakhelwa phezu kwaso. Lolu chungechunge alumelelanga nje kuphela umkhankaso wokuqala we-Disney wokukhiqiza waseHollywood kodwa luphinde lwabonisa ukuba nokwenzeka namandla okuhlanganisa isenzo esibukhoma nokugqwayiza, indlela ezocwengwa futhi inwetshwe emashumini eminyaka alandelayo.
Njengoba i-Disney isuka ekuthuleni iye emsindweni futhi isuka kupopayi omnyama nokumhlophe iye ku-Technicolor, waqhubeka nokusungula izinto ezintsha, kodwa i-Alice Comedies isewubufakazi obubalulekile besiqalo esithobekile sikaWalt Disney nombono ongaphelelwa isikhathi. Le misebenzi, manje esesidlangalaleni, iyaqhubeka nokubungazwa ngeqhaza layo lokuphayona kanye nobuciko obungapheli obumelela, ikhumbuza umhlaba ngesibindi nokuqamba okusha okwaqala umbuso wemilingo we-Disney.
U-Oswald unogwaja
U-Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, owaziwa nangokuthi u-Ozzie, wayengumlingisi ophambili wezikhindi ezimbalwa zopopayi ezakhululwa ebhayisikobho kusukela ngo-1927 kuya ku-1938, neziqephu ezingamashumi amabili nesikhombisa ezikhiqizwe isitudiyo sikaWalt Disney. Indaba ka-Oswald ixhunyaniswe noshintsho olubalulekile emsebenzini we-Disney: ngenkathi i-Universal ilawula umlingiswa ngo-1928, i-Disney yakha umlingiswa omusha, u-Mickey Mouse, owaba ngomunye wopopayi abadume kakhulu emhlabeni.
Isakhiwo somdlalo wevidiyo ka-2010 othi “Epic Mickey” sibonisa indaba yempilo yangempela ka-Oswald, ebhekana nemizwa yokulahlwa yi-Disney kanye nomona ka-Mickey Mouse. Ngemva kweminyaka engekho, u-Oswald wabuyela endaweni yonke ye-Disney lapho, ngo-2006, Inkampani ye-Walt Disney iphinda ithola amalungelo kumlingiswa ngokuhweba okubandakanya umhlaziyi wezemidlalo u-Al Michaels. Kusukela lapho, u-Oswald uvele emapaki etimu ye-Disney, ezincwadini zamahlaya kanye nokulandelanisa kwegeyimu ye-“Epic Mickey”.
Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kokudala kwe-Disney, u-Oswald wayengomunye wabalingisi bopopayi bokuqala abanikezwa ubuntu obuhlukile, ehlola umqondo "wopopayi osuselwe kumuntu." Le ndlela igqamisa abalingiswa njengabantu abachazwa ngokunyakaza kwabo, imikhuba, nezenzo, hhayi nje ngomklamo. U-Oswald wayenomdlandla, eqaphile, enesiphithiphithi, enamagagasi, egcina ukubukeka okuhle nokufanelekile. Ubuntu bakhe obuyingqayizivele bagqugquzelwa nguDouglas Fairbanks ngesimo sakhe sengqondo sesibindi kanye nesokuzamazama.
Ngemva kokulahlekelwa amalungelo ka-Oswald, i-Disney yagxila kuMickey Mouse, okwadlula ngokushesha ukuthandwa kuka-Oswald futhi yaba yisisekelo sombuso womhlaba wokuzijabulisa. Kodwa-ke, ukutholwa kabusha kuka-Disney kuka-Oswald kuphawule ukuhlangana kabusha okuyingqopha-mlando nomlingiswa wokuqala ophumelelayo opopayi, ukugubha ukubuya komlingiswa othandwa kakhulu emndenini wakwaDisney.
Indaba ka-Oswald ibonisa ukuguquguquka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemboni yokugqwayiza yasekuqaleni, ebonisa ukuthi ubuciko nokuqamba okusha kungavela kanjani ngisho nasezimweni eziyinselele kakhulu. Ngokubuya kwakhe, u-Oswald akagcini nje ngokukhumbula umlando we-Disney kodwa futhi uyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza izizukulwane ezintsha ngokuba khona kwakhe emidlalweni yevidiyo, amafilimu nasemapaki etimu.
